Thursday, January 31, 2013

Bulk of Timbuktu manuscripts survived occupation

By Pascal Fletcher

DAKAR (Reuters) - The majority of Timbuktu's ancient manuscripts appear to be safe and undamaged after the Saharan city's 10-month occupation by Islamist rebel fighters, experts said on Wednesday, rejecting some media reports of their widespread destruction.

Denying accounts that told of tens of thousands of priceless papers being burned or stolen by the fleeing rebels, they said the bulk of the Timbuktu texts had been safely hidden well before the city's liberation by French forces on Sunday.

Brittle, written in ornate calligraphy, and ranging from scholarly treatises to old commercial invoices, the Timbuktu texts represent a compendium of human knowledge on everything from law, sciences and medicine to history and politics. Some experts compare them in importance to the Dead Sea Scrolls.

News that they were mostly safe, from people directly involved with conservation of the texts, was a relief to the world's cultural community, which had been dismayed by the prospect of a large-scale loss.

A day after French and Malian troops retook Timbuktu, a UNESCO World Heritage site and ancient seat of Islamic learning, from Islamist insurgent occupiers, the city's mayor reported the rebels had set fire to a major manuscript library.

But South African and Malian experts said that while up to 2,000 manuscripts may have been lost at the ransacked South African-funded Ahmed Baba Institute, most of some 300,000 texts existing in and around Timbuktu were believed to be safe.

"I can say that the vast majority of the collections appear from our reports not to have been destroyed, damaged or harmed in any way," Cape Town University's Professor Shamil Jeppie, an expert on the Saharan city's manuscripts, told Reuters.

HIDDEN AWAY

A Malian scholar also responsible for the preservation of the manuscripts, who asked not to be named, told Reuters by phone from Bamako that 95 percent were "safe and sound".

"The initial impression was tens of thousands of manuscripts had been destroyed, looted and in general disappeared for us as researchers and for humanity. The situation now is very different, so we're very relieved," Jeppie told Reuters.

The two sources said that soon after Tuareg rebels swept into Timbuktu on April 1 in a revolt later hijacked by sharia-observing Islamist radicals, curators and collectors of the manuscripts had started hiding the texts away for safety.

"They shipped them out and distributed them around," Jeppie said. The Malian source said the manuscripts were concealed "a little bit everywhere", but he declined to give details.

It would not be the first time that Timbuktu's inhabitants have had to protect their city's manuscripts from intruders.

Some texts were stashed for generations under mud homes and in desert caves by families who feared they would be stolen by Moroccan invaders, European explorers and French colonialists.

UNESCO Director-General Irina Bokova appealed to global partners to mobilise expertise and resources to help further preserve the manuscripts and also to rebuild Sufi mausoleums and tombs destroyed by the radical Islamists in Timbuktu and Gao.

The U.N. cultural agency would send a mission to evaluate the damage and the needs, she said in a statement in Paris.

The Ahmed Baba Institute, the state library the mayor said was torched, is named after a Timbuktu-born contemporary of William Shakespeare and housed more than 20,000 scripts.

Television footage this week from Timbuktu showed a pile of ashes in one of the rooms of the institute, a partnership between South Africa and Mali that opened in 2009.

TRAFFICKING RISK

But the Tombouctou Manuscripts Project at Cape Town University's Institute for Humanities in Africa, where Jeppie works, said on its website the majority of the centre's texts were still stored in a building the other side of town.

Some of the manuscripts that constitute Timbuktu's "treasure of learning" date back to the 13th century and are part of a heritage that includes the Sankore, Sidi Yahia and Djingarei-ber mosques - the latter built from mud bricks and wood in 1325.

Jeppie said the young AK-47-carrying Islamists who had applied sharia, beating and stoning thieves and adulterers, during their occupation of Timbuktu were unlikely to have appreciated the significance of the texts.

But he added some may have carried them off to try to sell, either in Mauritania or even in Qatar, accused by some French politicians and media of supporting Mali's rebels.

Qatar has emphatically denied supporting the rebels.

UNESCO's Bokova cited a high risk that cultural objects from Mali could be trafficked illegally during the turmoil and urged the leaders of neighbouring countries and international police and customs authorities to be vigilant.

"These treasures are extremely valuable and vulnerable. We must act quickly," she said.

Timbuktu was liberated by French and Malian forces as part of a rapid French-led military offensive launched on January 11 that has driven the rebels of the Islamist alliance occupying the north back into the northeastern desert and mountains.

(Additional reporting by John Irish in Paris; Editing by Daniel Flynn and Alison Williams)