Fish swim near recovering coral reefs after bleaching in late December 2023 due to extreme weather, in Bondalem village, Buleleng regency, Bali on June 20. - Reuters
LONDON: The United States has agreed to forgive US$35 million of Indonesian debt over the next nine years, the US Treasury said on Monday (July 8), in return for the country restoring and preserving coral reefs in what experts estimate is the world’s most biodiverse patch of ocean.
Coral reefs are under increasing threat globally, due largely to climate change which is raising sea temperatures.
Data in May showed nearly two-thirds have been subjected over the past year to heat stress bad enough to trigger “bleaching”, which can damage or destroy reefs. Bleaching refers to the corals turning white.
The agreement is the fourth “debt-for-nature” swap the two countries have struck since 2009 and is expected to fund at least 15 years of conservation work in two key areas of what is known as the ‘Coral Triangle’.
The Bird’s Head Seascape and Lesser Sunda-Banda Seascape it targets both span hundreds of thousands of hectares, a habitat for over three quarters of all coral species and more than 3,000 types of fish, turtles, sharks, whales and dolphins.
Indonesia has roughly 5.1 million hectares of coral reefs, 18 per cent of the world’s total according to the country’s tourism ministry, but this year’s bleaching problems have already had a devastating impact.
“These two regions are both at the epicentre of biodiversity,” said Alexandre Portnoi, a legal advisor with Conservation International who helped organise the deal.
Indonesia benefitted from earlier debt swaps with the US in 2009, 2011 and 2014 that collectively over time generated nearly US$70 million. This is the first to focus on coral reefs rather than Indonesia’s rainforests, which are imperiled by expanding palm oil plantations.
Reefs are harder to conserve at a national level because they are primarily threatened by planet-warming global greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuels combustion, something Indonesia alone cannot tackle.
The agreement, signed last week and announced on July 8, still hopes to make a difference.
It will see US$26 million of Jakarta’s debt written off under the US Tropical Forest and Coral Reef Conservation Act. Conservation International will contribute US$3 million and another US$1.5 million will come from The Nature Conservancy, another group heavily involved in debt swaps.
Indonesia will commit to reef restoration while local non-profit groups will use conservation fund money to support projects that directly benefit reef ecosystems as well as sustainable livelihoods for those that rely on them.
“It is pretty simple,” Portnoi said, explaining that debt-for-nature swaps were specifically designed to “break the cycle” of debt strains contributing to environmental degradation. - The Straits Times/ANN
