Over the past few years, Valree says her child's screen time has ranged up to two to three hours a day, more than double the limit recommended by pediatricians. — WORAPHON NUSEN/Dreamstime/TNS
PARENTS are bombarded with a dizzying list of orders when it comes to screen time and young children: No screens for babies under 18 months. Limit screens to one hour for children under five.
Only “high-quality” programming. No fast-paced apps. Don’t use screens to calm a fussy child. “Co-view” with your kid to interact while watching.
The stakes are high. Every few months it seems, a distressing study comes out linking screen time with a growing list of concerns for young children: Obesity. Behavioural problems. Sleep issues. Speech and developmental delays.
Maya Valree, the mother of a three-year-old girl in Los Angeles, understands the risks and constantly worries about them. But limiting her daughter’s screen time to one hour feels impossible as she juggles life as a working parent, she said.
Over the past few years, her child’s screen time has ranged up to 2-3 hours a day, more than double the limit recommended by paediatricians. Valree puts on educational programming whenever possible, but it doesn’t capture her child’s attention as well as her favourites, Meekah and The Powerpuff Girls.
“Screen time is in the top three or five things to feel guilty about as a mum,” she said. “I’ve used it to pacify my daughter while cooking or working or catching up on anything personal or professional.”
Valree is among the legions of parents who by choice or necessity allow their babies and preschoolers to watch several times more than the limit recommended by experts, creating a vast disconnect between the troubling predictions of harm and the reality of digital life.
But her feelings of guilt may put Valree in the minority. Directives to limit the time young children spend on digital devices may not be taking root because many parents simply don’t believe their child’s screen time is a problem in the first place.
Parents need to have some type of distraction for their kids, and “screens tend to be the easiest option,” said Dr Whitney Casares, a Portland paediatrician and author of the book Doing It All. “I hear more people saying, ‘I know screen time is bad, I wish we had less of it in our family, but I feel helpless to change it.’”
Screen time use among older children made news in June, when the Los Angeles school board approved a cellphone ban all day on campus, and the United States surgeon general called for a warning on social media platforms advising parents that they can damage teenagers’ mental health.
Many families, however, support their children’s phone use for safety and education.
For a generation of parents of who grew up with cellphones and computers, such sentiments appear to start with much younger children.
A national survey of families with children eight and younger found that the majority of parents believe screen time is a net positive – helping their children learn to read, boosting creativity and even improving their social skills.
In other words, directives to limit the time young children spend on digital devices may not be taking root because many parents simply don’t believe screen time is a problem in the first place.
For five and under
Ideally, families should avoid screens for babies under 18 months, with the exception of video chatting.
Parents who want to introduce digital media to toddlers ages 18-24 months should keep it very limited, choose high-quality educational programming, always watch alongside their children, and interact with their children both during and after watching.
For children ages two to five, paediatricians recommend limiting screen time to one hour a day of high-quality programming that is educational, interactive and pro-social with few or no advertisements.
Parents should avoid fast-paced programmes, apps with distracting content and anything with violence. Whenever possible, they should co-view with their children.
Paediatricians also recommend that children avoid screens during mealtimes and at least one hour before bedtime.
And parents should avoid regularly using screens to calm their child, because it can make it difficult to set limits and teach children to regulate their own emotions.
“We don’t want to be the scolds. It’s our job to provide information to parents but to also say we understand the reality of everyone’s current lifestyle. It’s just a different world now,” said Dr Nusheen Ameenuddin, one of the authors of the academy’s policy statement.
“Parents aren’t going to be perfect 100% of the time.”
Jacqueline Nesi, an assistant professor of psychiatry at Brown University and author of Techno Sapiens, said screen time limits need to be a balance. While there is evidence that endless screen time – especially more than four hours a day – can be harmful, Nesi said there aren’t data to support a strict one-hour cutoff.
“As parents we know life isn’t always aligned with the recommendations. We don’t want to throw them away, but we also don’t want to be in a place where we’re demonising all screen time.”
'Opportunity cost'
The strongest evidence for avoiding excessive screen times involves the “opportunity cost” – the valuable learning opportunities children miss out on during the hours they spend on digital devices.
In order to develop cognitive, language, motor and social-emotional skills, young children need to experience the world hands-on – playing with toys, exploring outside, experimenting with different materials, and having back-and-forth interactions with nurturing caregivers, said Ameenuddin.
When they are watching digital media, they lose that time to grow and learn.
This is particularly true for babies and toddlers, because there isn’t much evidence that they can learn through screens.
For preschoolers, there’s more evidence that educational shows like Sesame Street can help improve literacy and social development, but only in limited amounts.
Heavy media use in the early years has been linked to a greater risk of obesity because these children often miss out on physical activity and outdoor time.
They’re also more like to see advertisements for sugary foods and drinks.
Children who are watching screens also have fewer valuable interactions with caregivers and hear fewer words during the course of their days, which is linked to cognitive, language and social delays.
Some studies have found evidence linking excessive screen time with behavioral issues such as ADHD, though the research did not show that one was actually caused by the other.
A bigger question is whether the screen time is changing the wiring of babies’ and young children’s brains.
A small MRI study of preschoolers found that children who watched more than the recommended one hour a day had lower development in the brain’s white matter that supports language and early literacy skills.
But Ameenuddin says the evidence isn’t clear yet that screens themselves are affecting brain development.
Not for babies
Babies should be playing and exploring the world, not watching screens, experts advise.
In the first three years of life, more than one million neural connections are formed every second, and key to this development are the “serve and return” interactions between children and their caregivers, according to Harvard’s Center for the Developing Child. Babies babble and make faces and gestures, and the people who love them respond in kind. Without these important interactions, the brain’s architecture can’t form the way it should.
These sorts of interactions don’t happen through screens.
A recent Japanese study found that the more time a baby spent watching screens at age one, the more likely they were to have developmental delays in communication and problem-solving at ages two to four – particularly when they watched more than four hours a day.
Make the most of screen time
“There is a lot of incredible, cool stuff for kids to watch and do on screens,” said Jill Murphy, chief content officer at Common Sense Media, which offers quality ratings and media reviews for children.
In general, Murphy says it’s safer to stick with branded content from a production company that’s intended for young children, which often have child development staff or advisors.
YouTube Kids requires more parental guidance, she said, and parents need to evaluate videos in advance. If they can’t, they should create a profile with a child’s selected interests and a set number of videos coming into the feed.
“Anything violent is a hard no for young kids, even if it’s play slapping or hitting each other with a stick,” said Murphy. “They’re very quick to mimic that behaviour.”
Researchers recommend age-appropriate programming that actively involves children by asking them questions, helps them make meaningful connections to their everyday lives, and includes “socially meaningful” characters they can get to know rather than a disembodied voice.
Murphy says parents should designate screen-free zones and times, and set clear limits around when screen time will end.
And whenever possible, stick with high-quality educational content without commercials which has been found to lead to better behavioural outcomes and language skills.
Set boundaries, avoid screens around bedtime, and whenever possible, watch alongside your child. – Los Angeles Times/Tribune News Service
