Research has shown links between gum disease and many common chronic conditions. — AFP
Periodontal disease, also known as gum disease, is a chronic inflammatory condition that affects the gums and supporting structures of the teeth.
It is primarily caused by the build-up of plaque biofilm – a sticky film derived from saliva that forms on the teeth and becomes contaminated with the bacteria abundantly found in the oral cavity.
This process is continuous, starting with early plaque biofilm formation and maturing as it accumulates more bacteria.
Research has shown that periodontal disease is not limited to the mouth and can have significant implications for systemic health.
Several systemic disorders and conditions have been associated with, or linked to, periodontal disease.
While the exact nature of these relationships is still being studied, here are some common examples:
There is evidence suggesting a connection between periodontal disease and an increased risk of cardiovascular problems such as heart disease, stroke and atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries).
The bacteria from infected gums can enter the bloodstream and contribute to the formation of plaques in the arteries or trigger an inflammatory response that affects the cardiovascular system.
People with diabetes are more prone to periodontal disease, and gum disease can make it difficult to control blood sugar levels.
The relationship between the two conditions is thought to be bidirectional, with diabetes increasing the risk of gum disease, and periodontal inflammation potentially worsening diabetes control.
The bacteria associated with periodontal disease can be aspirated into the lungs, potentially causing or exacerbating respiratory conditions such as pneumonia, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and bronchitis.
Pregnant women with periodontal disease may be at higher risk for certain complications such as preterm birth, low birth weight and preeclampsia.
The inflammation and bacterial products associated with gum disease may affect the foetus or trigger an inflammatory response that can impact pregnancy outcomes.
Some studies have found an association between periodontal disease and rheumatoid arthritis, suggesting that chronic inflammation in the gums could contribute to the development or progression of joint inflammation.
It is important to note that while these associations have been observed, they do not necessarily indicate a direct causal relationship.
More research is needed to fully understand the underlying mechanisms and the nature of these connections.
Periodontal disease triggers a cascade of inflammatory reactions, leading to the production of several inflammatory mediators that can cause tissue damage within and outside the periodontal structures.
Maintaining good oral hygiene, including regular brushing, flossing and dental check-ups, is crucial for preventing and managing periodontal disease.
Timely removal of plaque biofilm is essential in the prevention of periodontal disease and caries.
If you have any concerns about the relationship between periodontal disease and systemic disorders, it is best to consult your oral healthcare provider for a comprehensive evaluation, appropriate management and referral.
Dr Dasan Swaminathan is a consultant periodontist and dental surgeon. For more information, email starhealth@thestar.com.my. The information provided is for educational and communication purposes only, and should not be considered as medical advice. The Star does not give any warranty on accuracy, completeness, functionality, usefulness or other assurances as to the content appearing in this article. The Star disclaims all responsibility for any losses, damage to property or personal injury suffered directly or indirectly from reliance on such information.
