One common way microplastics get into human bodies is through the consumption of seafood, which itself has ingested those particles from our plastic-polluted seas. — AFP
Microplastics have become a pervasive part of our environment, infiltrating even the most remote and extreme locations on Earth.
From the depths of the Mariana Trench to the summit of Mount Everest, these tiny plastic particles, defined as pieces less than five millimetres across, are found virtually everywhere.
Recent studies have increasingly detected microplastics within the human body.
This raises concerns about the potential health implications and highlights the extent of plastic pollution.
Understanding the various pathways through which microplastics can enter our bodies is crucial for assessing their impact and devising strategies to mitigate exposure:
One of the primary routes through which microplastics enter the human body is ingestion.
This can occur via multiple sources, e.g.:
• Food and drinks
Microplastics have been detected in a wide array of food items, particularly in seafood.
Marine organisms often ingest microplastics present in their environment, which then accumulate within their bodies.
When humans consume seafood, they inadvertently ingest these microplastics as well.
Beyond seafood, microplastics have been found in other food products such as salt, honey, and even beer.
Drinking water is another significant source of microplastic ingestion.
Studies have shown that both bottled and tap water can contain microplastics, posing a continuous exposure risk.
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• Dust and household products
Microplastics can also settle on food from household dust.
This is especially pertinent in indoor environments where plastic materials are prevalent, such as synthetic textiles, furniture and packaging.
During food preparation and consumption, microplastics present in household dust can contaminate food.
Additionally, certain household products, such as toothpaste and table salt, can contain microplastics.
The use of these products can lead to the ingestion of microplastics, further contributing to their presence in human bodies.
Another significant route of microplastic entry into the human body is through inhalation.
Airborne microplastics are increasingly recognised as a source of environmental pollution, particularly in urban areas and near industrial sites.
Microplastics can become airborne through various means, e.g. the abrasion of plastic materials, industrial processes and the fragmentation of larger plastic debris.
These particles can then be inhaled and enter the respiratory system.
In urban environments, the concentration of airborne microplastics can be higher due to increased human activity and the prevalence of plastic materials.
Indoor air can also be a source of inhaled microplastics, especially in spaces with poor ventilation or high amounts of synthetic textiles and furnishings.
Once inhaled, microplastics can deposit in the respiratory tract, potentially causing irritation and inflammation.
Although less significant compared to ingestion and inhalation, absorption through our skin is another pathway through which microplastics can enter the human body.
This occurs primarily through the use of personal care products that contain microplastics.
Some cosmetics and personal care products, such as exfoliating scrubs, toothpaste and creams, incorporate microplastics for their abrasive properties or as fillers.
When these products are applied to the skin, the microplastics can be absorbed.
However, the extent of absorption through the skin is generally lower than through ingestion or inhalation.
Nevertheless, repeated use of such products can lead to a cumulative exposure over time.
Effects on the body
Although less common, microplastic particles from skincare products like facial scrubs, can be absorbed into our bodies through our skin. — Filepic
Once inside the body, microplastics can cause a range of adverse health effects through:
One of the primary ways microplastics can harm the human body is through physical damage.
The physical presence of microplastics in tissues can cause irritation and inflammation, particularly in the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts.
For example, when microplastics are ingested, they can cause mechanical irritation in the gastrointestinal tract.
This can lead to inflammation, and over time, may contribute to the development of ulcers or other gastrointestinal issues.
Similarly, inhaled microplastics can deposit in the respiratory tract, causing chronic inflammation and potentially exacerbating conditions like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD).
The persistent inflammation caused by microplastics can also weaken the immune system, making the body more susceptible to infections and potentially affecting its ability to respond to other diseases.
Microplastics are not inert; they often carry a cocktail of harmful chemicals that can leach into the body and cause various health issues.
These chemicals include additives like phthalates and bisphenol A (BPA), which are used in the production of plastics, and persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs).
Once inside the body, microplastics can release these toxic substances.
For instance, BPA is a known endocrine disruptor that can interfere with hormonal functions, potentially leading to reproductive issues and developmental abnormalities.
Phthalates, another common additive in plastics, have been linked to a range of health problems, including respiratory issues and metabolic disorders.
Long-term exposure to such chemicals may also increase the risk of cancer.
Microplastics can also pose biological threats by acting as carriers for pathogens.
Microplastics can harbour bacteria, viruses and other pathogens, which may hitch a ride on these particles and enter the human body.
This can pose additional health risks, as these pathogens may cause infections or exacerbate existing health conditions.
Ingested microplastics can also disrupt the gut microbiome.
This community of microorganisms living in the digestive tract is crucial for our digestion and overall health.
This disruption can lead to digestive issues and potentially impact the immune system.
A combined effort
While research on the full extent of the health impacts of microplastics is still ongoing, the evidence suggests that reducing exposure to microplastics is advisable.
Addressing the sources of microplastic pollution and enhancing our understanding of their effects on human health are crucial steps toward mitigating these risks and protecting public health.
Reducing the presence of microplastics in our environment and bodies requires a multi-faceted approach that includes environmental strategies, personal actions and systemic changes.
By promoting sustainable alternatives, improving waste management, implementing pollution control measures, raising public awareness and investing in research and innovation, we can significantly reduce microplastic pollution.
Personal and household strategies, such as reducing plastic use, proper waste disposal, using filtration systems, making informed clothing choices and supporting advocacy efforts, further contribute to mitigating the impact of microplastics.
Collaborative efforts in research, policymaking and public awareness, and among individuals, communities, industries and governments, are essential to address this pervasive and complex issue.
We need to protect and ensure a healthier environment for our own health and a more sustainable future.
Datuk Dr Nor Ashikin Mokhtar is a consultant obstetrician and gynaecologist, and a functional medicine practitioner. For further information, email starhealth@thestar.com.my. The information provided is for educational and communication purposes only, and it should not be construed as personal medical advice. Information published in this article is not intended to replace, supplant or augment a consultation with a health professional regarding the reader’s own medical care. The Star does not give any warranty on accuracy, completeness, functionality, usefulness or other assurances as to the content appearing in this column. The Star disclaims all responsibility for any losses, damage to property or personal injury suffered directly or indirectly from reliance on such information.
