In winter, Phobjikha Valley in central Bhutan is filled with thousands of black-necked cranes. — Photos: MELODY L. GOH/The Star
In the scenic Himalayan kingdom of Bhutan, cleaning squads patrol forest and mountain trails on the lookout for litter left behind by tourists, removing empty water bottles and crisp packets stuck in bushes and trees.
The money to run these teams comes from a tourist tax that Bhutan has levied for decades to avoid over-tourism and preserve its status as South Asia’s only carbon-negative country – meaning it absorbs more emissions than it produces annually.
Bhutan halved the daily Sustainable Development Fee (SDF) – to US$100 (RM465) – recently as it strives to strike a balance between supporting the local economy and jobs, and protecting nature and the environment in the face of worsening climate change impacts.
Under the country’s principle of “high-value, low-volume” tourism, Bhutanese officials said that the tax goes towards upgrading infrastructure, preserving natural and cultural treasures, and investing in electric transport to cut fossil fuel dependency.
While the tiny country of fewer than 800,000 people is currently in the spotlight, it is far from alone in this regard.
As nations globally seek to revitalise their tourism sectors after the Covid-19 pandemic, there is growing debate about how best to attract more visitors and boost revenues without causing overcrowding and fuelling pollution and harm to the environment.
Sustainability experts said the traditional approach of evaluating tourism through visitor numbers alone was outdated and damaging to the sector, and urged governments to consider ways of welcoming people for longer and more-considered stays.
“(A) sustainability fee is one of the ways to ensure a destination does not degrade,” said C.B. Ramkumar, vice chairman of the Global Sustainable Tourism Council, a non-profit organisation based in the United States. “It is a good tool for conservation.”
While many countries and cities have some form of tourist tax, few places have followed Bhutan’s lead in ensuring that the cash goes towards conservation or sustainability efforts.
New Zealand in 2019 introduced a NZ$35 (RM97) tourist tax to fund conservation and infrastructure projects, while Indonesia’s holiday island of Bali is to impose a IDR150,000 (RM46) fee from 2024 to help preserve its culture and environment.
Money talks
Tourism is responsible for around 8%-11% of global greenhouse gas emissions – mostly due to transportation – according to the World Travel and Tourism Council (WTTC), an international forum.
It is also among the most vulnerable sectors to the impacts of climate change, with researchers citing soaring temperatures and rising sea levels that can affect visitor numbers.
For example, about 20,000 foreign tourists were evacuated from the Greek island of Rhodes in July, where a wildfire burned resorts and hotels. Greece has said it will offer a week’s free stay on Rhodes in 2024 to visitors whose vacation was cut short.
Overall, demand for eco-friendly tourism is growing, yet very few people are willing to pay more for sustainable travel, according to recent studies and warnings from sector executives.
In Bhutan, the SDF has been revised over the years – with discounts available for visitors making longer trips.
When Bhutan reopened to tourists in September 2022 after more than two years of Covid-19 closure, it raised the tax to US$200 (RM929) from the US$65 (RM302) it had charged for about three decades – saying the money would offset the carbon generated by visitors.
This fee hike, coupled with the pandemic’s impact, hit tourist numbers and resulted in losses for tour operators, hotel owners, and handicraft and souvenir shops in the country.
Bhutan welcomed nearly 60,000 tourists between January and August this year, earning the nation US$13.5mil (RM63mil) in revenue from the SDF, according to government data.
In 2019, before the pandemic, there were about 316,000 tourists, generating US$88.6mil (RM412mil) in SDF revenue.
When Bhutan announced the SDF reduction in August, the government said the move aimed to revive the tourism sector, generate employment, and earn the country foreign exchange.
Gangtey Gonpa is one of the most important Buddhist monasteries in Bhutan.
Bhutan plans to lift tourism’s contribution to its US$3bil (RM13.94bil) economy to 20% from about 5% now – yet no time-frame has been set.
Dorji Dhradhul, the director general of Bhutan’s tourism department, said the tourist tax is vital to stepping up the nation’s conservation efforts as it faces climate change threats of melting glaciers and ever-more unpredictable weather.
The SDF has led the country to explore “solutions to balance its revered ecological conservation practices with socio-economic progress”, Dhradhul said by email.
The tax funds free healthcare and education for the country’s citizens and is used to offset the carbon footprint of visitors by planting trees, cleaning and maintaining trails, and electrifying Bhutan’s transportation sector, Dhradhul said.
“Our future requires us to protect our heritage and forge fresh pathways for forthcoming generations,” he said.
Bhutan’s “carbon negative” approach began in the 1970s, when its then-king pushed for an economy built in part on sustainable forest management – balancing conservation and development.
Its forests absorb more than nine million tonnes of carbon each year, while its economy, which is designed to cut fossil fuel use and waste, emits less than four million tonnes, Dhradhul said.
Fear for future
Bhutan has long been a prime holiday destination for Indian travellers in particular. Entry for Indians had been free until 2022, when a daily tax of INR1,200 rupees (RM67) was introduced.
Mumbai-based tour operator Rakesh Kalyani has a longstanding collaboration with hoteliers in Bhutan, and said he was not surprised by the move to impose a tax on Indian tourists.
“Tourists littered, someone even climbed a stupa (Buddhist shrine) and took pictures. How do you stop that?” asked Kalyani, who said he now has no bookings for Bhutan with many clients instead preferring to visit nearby northeastern Indian states.
The fee for Indian tourists will remain in place for at least another two years as Bhutan prioritises the wellbeing of its environment, culture and people over “quantity in tourism”, according to Dhradhul.
As more and more places worldwide consider tourist taxes, they run the risk of excluding those seeking affordable travel.
“They want to preserve their culture, but not everyone is able to travel now,” said Arjun Verma, who runs Bhutan Divine Tour agency in Siliguri, a district in India’s eastern state of West Bengal, which serves as the country’s gateway to Bhutan.
“As tour operators, we are facing a lot of problems.”
In Bhutan, Jigme Tshering, chairman of the Hotel and Restaurant Association, a national federation, said that while the SDF was aligned with the country’s vision of sustainability, it also posed challenges in terms of “the impact on businesses”.
He said he hoped the reduced tax will help the tourism industry grow at a faster pace than in previous months – a view echoed by local businesses seeking more customers and income.
In Bhutan’s Paro, the picturesque valley home to the Tiger’s Nest Monastery, handicraft shop owner Tashi Lhamo said she had cut down spending on family holidays and new clothes due to the loss in business over the past year as tourist numbers dropped.
“Most of our customers are Asians and few are from the US,” Lhamo said in a phone interview.
“But I am hopeful for more international tourists to come now that they have reduced the SDF. Indians buy small items, but our main business comes from international tourists,” she added. – Thomson Reuters Foundation
