The world’s increasing threats to international peace and security pose major challenges for the UN. — 360info
THE United Nations rests on three equally important and interdependent pillars: sustainable development, peace and security and human rights. In adopting the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development in 2015, world leaders emphasised that “sustainable development cannot be realised without peace and security”.
When the Agenda was being negotiated, there was no guarantee that agreement would be reached on this point. Many in the global south had misgivings about including the pursuit of peace as a goal. They feared this would introduce unfair conditionality and be prejudicial to war-torn developing countries.
The global north insisted it was not trying to introduce a peace condition, merely to recognise that violent conflict is not conducive to sustainable development and that peace is a legitimate development objective.
The compromise result was Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) 16, which recognises the central importance for the achievement of both peace and development of ensuring inclusive institutions, the rule of law, the protection of human rights and access to justice.
Today there is little doubt about the interdependence between peace and sustainable development. The escalation of armed conflict in various parts of the world is one of the main factors inhibiting progress on the SDGs.
Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, for example, is having multiple disruptive impacts on many states, including those affected by food supply or energy repercussions. The Gaza war is causing massive upheaval in the Middle East.
More generally, the polarising effect of such crises is eroding the international consensus which gave rise to the SDGs and weakening the readiness of states to commit to multilateral cooperation and solidarity.
Questions for the UN
We are living in a world of increasing and diverse threats to international peace and security.
This is a major challenge for the UN, charged under the UN Charter (as the very first of the Organisation’s purposes) with “the maintenance of international peace and security”.
Is the UN fit for this purpose in the 21st century? Do its institutions and resourcing enable it to play the role expected of it since 1945 in relation to conflict prevention and the safeguarding of peace? Or is the UN being rendered obsolete by big-power competition, by its own outdated rules and by gradual international neglect of the toolbox it has at its disposal?
Small wonder that these issues are among the priorities for the Summit of the Future, which meets in New York on Sept 22-23.
Never has it been more urgent to reinvigorate the role of the UN in identifying space for dialogue, negotiation and compromise and helping member states resolve conflict.
A key question is what needs to be done, institutionally and fiscally, to strengthen the UN’s capacities to manage increasingly complex and multi-faceted crises.
Security Council out of date
The Security Council is clearly anachronistic, reflecting in its permanent membership and in the latter’s veto rights a world order which has long been out of date. For example, although two-thirds of the Council’s business relates to African issues, there are no permanent African members.
Many leading regional players, such as Brazil, India, Japan or Germany, make a case for permanent membership which might be considered stronger than that of some of the existing five.
We live in a patently multi-polar world, the days of one or two superpowers long behind us. No state, however large or powerful, can solve the world’s challenges on its own.
All states need allies, whether the agenda is that of defusing direct threats to international peace and security or making progress on global public goods such as climate action, sustainable development and human rights (which make their own contributions to global security).
In the General Assembly, the interconnectedness between all such issues is clearly recognised.
The Security Council, however, is trapped in a time-warp, dominated by a veto-wielding permanent membership which is reflective of 1945 geopolitical realities rather than today’s.
The requirement for agreement among the permanent members limits the Council’s ability to decide what constitutes a threat to international peace and security and how this should be responded to.
While disunity among the five has long been a feature of the Council’s work, the last few years have seen an escalation in the traditional polarities.
Bitter confrontations
Trade disputes and strategic tensions have been intensified by bitter confrontations over Syria, Ukraine and Gaza. The growing competition between the US and China for world hegemony is increasingly fuelling discord on the Council.
It is the veto rights of the five which do most to bring the Security Council into disrepute.
Russia regularly vetoes draft resolutions which it sees as threatening its interests in Syria or Ukraine. The US does the same if it considers Israel’s interests to be threatened.
The effect is to paralyse this key UN organ in its ability to act.
In an effort to break the impasse, France launched an initiative several years ago under which the five would voluntarily restrict their use of the veto in the case of draft resolutions relating to mass atrocities or humanitarian crises. As the agreement of all five would be required to take this further, however, the proposal has remained more or less still-born.
The Security Council needs to be more broadly representative of the world we live in, acknowledging, for example, the role and influence of emerging regional powers. We need a Council which limits, and ideally eliminates, the veto powers conferred on the five permanent members.
Greater emphasis on collective involvement in the framing of UN-led crisis responses should help to offset the dominance of the US, Russia and China.
We also need thorough reform of the UN’s peacebuilding architecture and mediation capacity, reinforced protection for civilians caught in armed conflict and a range of other reforms. And above all we need all member states to renew their commitment to the principles and mechanisms set out in the UN Charter for the maintenance of international peace and security. The Summit of the Future will hopefully be the moment for such renewal. — 360info
Ambassador David Donoghue is a Distinguished Fellow of ODI and former Permanent Representative of Ireland to the United Nations in New York.
