E8-Counter Terrorism special police at the launching of 'Malaysian Action Plan On Preventing and Countering Violent Extremism' or MyPCVE in Putrajaya in September. — AZHAR MAHFOF/The Star
TERRORISM, particularly when tied to religion, is fundamentally an attack on civilians, designed to create fear and destabilise society. In Malaysia, as in other parts of the world, we often see terrorism emerge under the guise of religious extremism.
However, the individuals who carry out these violent acts are not radicalised overnight.
Radicalisation is a slow, gradual process, and it often begins with the subtle spread of extremist ideas – ideas that are sometimes introduced under the pretence of religious teaching or political rhetoric. Here is where governments, security agencies, and communities must play a key role in identifying and curbing these ideas before they take root.
Understanding the radicalisation process
My research shows that radicalisation rarely happens in isolation. It often starts with exposure to seemingly harmless content such as speeches, sermons, or online content, which gradually shifts toward messages of intolerance and violence.
In Malaysia, extremist interpretations of Islam may be spread by fringe groups or charismatic preachers and leaders. Over time, these ideas become normalised within certain circles, leading individuals to radicalisation without realising it.
This highlights the need for early intervention. I earnestly call on the Malay Rulers, as heads of Islam, to help promote moderate interpretations to protect society from extremist ideologies.
Malaysia has not been immune to the influence of extremism. A few prominent examples include:
> Jemaah Islamiyah (JI) influence: This South-East Asian extremist group, linked to Al-Qaeda in the Middle East, had a presence in Malaysia. Some Malaysians were recruited into JI and trained abroad, showing that global extremist ideologies can take hold even within our local communities. The group sought to establish a pan-regional Islamic caliphate and had ties to terrorism in the region.
> Isis recruitment in Malaysia: Since the rise of Isis in the Middle East, we’ve seen Malaysians lured into joining this extremist group. Dozens of citizens were arrested for attempting to travel to Syria or Iraq to join the group, often having been radicalised by online propaganda. These cases illustrate how global extremist movements can exploit local grievances and vulnerabilities.
> The Movida Bar attack: Malaysia saw its first Isis-linked terror attack in June 2016 when a grenade was thrown into a nightclub in Puchong, Selangor, injuring several people. The attack, orchestrated by Malay-sian Isis supporters, is a chilling reminder that homegrown extremism, spurred by global jihadist ideologies, can manifest in violence here on Malaysian soil.
> Daesh sympathisers: In recent years, Malaysian authorities have arrested several individuals sympathetic to Daesh (aka Isis) ideology. These individuals were radicalised either through local networks or online, further illustrating how extremist views can influence Malaysians and lead to planned attacks.
The role of religious rhetoric in politics
I find the use of religion as a political tool in Malaysia deeply concerning. Religious rhetoric in politics can lead to extremism, especially when politicians exploit religious differences to gain support. Some may not realise the harm caused by promoting narrow or harmful interpretations of Islam, while others may do so deliberately, risking long-term division.
Such actions foster an “us vs them” mentality, radicalising followers and driving divisions within the Muslim community. Politicians must recognise the responsibility they hold when invoking religion, as it can make their supporters more vulnerable to extremist ideas.
Beyond political rhetoric, another concern I have is the internal divisions within the Muslim community itself. This division is dangerous in a country like Malaysia, where religious and ethnic harmony is critical to national unity. Security agencies should remain alert to this manipulation, as it risks creating a culture of intolerance and potential violence.
It is imperative that political figures recognise the responsibility they carry when invoking religion in their rhetoric. While they may be seeking political support, the unintended consequence is that they could be contributing to the radicalisation process, making their supporters more susceptible to extremist ideas.
Security agencies must be sensitive to this form of political manipulation, as it has the potential to breed a culture of intolerance and divisiveness that can spiral into aggressive and violent behaviour.
Fostering open debate to curb extremism
One effective way to curb extremism in Malaysia is by encouraging open discussion of alternative views of Islam. Debating different interpretations prevents extremist ideas from festering in secrecy. Open discourse exposes these ideas as misguided. Article 3 and 11(1) of the Federal Consti-tution tasks the government with ensuring that Muslims can practice their faith freely, without oppression.
By encouraging open dialogue, we create a space for intellectual growth and a deeper, more nuanced understanding of Islam. Such an environment discourages violent or intolerant interpretations, and instead promotes a version of Islam that is compatible with peace, tolerance, and coexistence. The suppression of alternative views, on the other hand, only drives those with extreme views underground, where they can gain strength without being questioned.
Early detection and national unity
Preventing radicalisation requires vigilance in detecting early signs – whether in religious sermons, political speeches, or online propaganda. Security agencies must work with religious leaders and community figures to counter these ideas early.
National unity is crucial. When individuals feel connected and part of a shared identity, they are less likely to be drawn into extremism. Malay-sia’s diversity can be its strength if differences are celebrated, not exploited.
Politicians should avoid divisive rhetoric, and religious leaders must promote tolerance. Building a culture of unity, respect, and inclusivity will help prevent extremist ideologies from taking root. We must urgently create a shared national identity.
Senior lawyer Datuk Seri Dr Jahaberdeen Mohamed Yunoos is the founder of Rapera, a movement which encourages thinking and compassion among Malaysians. The views expressed here are entirely his own.
