WiFi needs: Cubans want their government to provide more, cheaper and less restricted WiFi.
The potential is obvious: less than a third of Cubans have access to the Web, with only 3.4% of homes connected to either the Internet or a local Cuban Intranet, according to UN data. Cuba says it wants broadband in 50% of homes by 2020.
Ideological battleground
Declaring the development of Cuba's Internet a priority, the United States this year created exemptions to its comprehensive trade embargo to allow US companies to sell equipment and services to Cubans and invest in telecommunications here.
Yet as with all aspects of change in Cuban society, President Raul Castro's government proceeds cautiously and at its own pace.
"Everyone knows why there isn't more Internet in Cuba, because it's very expensive," vice-president Jose Ramon Machado Ventura, a hardline ideologue, told a state newspaper recently.
"Some want to give it to us for free, not so Cubans can communicate but to infiltrate us for ideological work ... We have to possess the Internet our way, knowing the imperialists aim to use it to destroy the Revolution."
While the government blames cost for lack of investment in internal infrastructure, critics suggest the real impediment is its fear of losing control on media and seeing new avenues of political opposition open up.
Ideological considerations do not impress many of the young Cubans hanging out at open-air hotspots in Havana and the eastern city of Santiago in the cool of the evening, fiddling with Galaxys and iPhones brought in from abroad.
In interviews, several said they were fed up with the ideological hang-ups of the older ruling generation, and simply want to watch films, access Facebook, and enjoy other online activities that are part of daily life for their equals abroad.
In Santiago on a recent evening, bars and clubs were empty while youths thronged plazas to use the new WiFi service.
"We hadn't seen each other for nearly four years!" said Jesus Vazquez, 43, excited and emotional after a video call between him, his wife and youngest daughter in Santiago with two other daughters in the United States and Europe.
"It's a really good initiative. But I think they could make it cheaper," added the economist. The US$2 (RM8.75) hourly tariff represents about 10% of a typical monthly salary.
Internet ingenuity
Before the hotspots, broadband access had been limited largely to even pricier state Internet parlours and hotels.
Dissident and pornography websites are blocked.
Cuba is connected by only one undersea fiber optic cable originating from Venezuela, although it still offers plenty of bandwidth given the low number of end users.
"There are multiple proposals before the Cuban government to have an undersea cable connected from Miami to Havana," said Daniel Sepulveda, a US State Department official who has visited Cuba seeking access for US companies.
"They tell us they're reviewing it but ... they're not using the full capacity of the Venezuela line so it's not their first priority."
State telecom Etecsa's executive president, Mayra Arevich Marin, has promised more WiFi zones by the end of the year, with seats, shelter from the elements and cheaper prices. The US$2 (RM8.75) an hour is already an improvement on the old cost of US$4.50 (RM19.75).
Meanwhile, ever-ingenious Cubans do what they can to maximise what they have, some using hotspots from their phone to share – or sell – their coveted signal with others.
When Etecsa outlets run out of Internet cards, hawkers quietly appear selling them for a US$1 (RM4.40) markup.
Cubans' pent-up feelings over Internet access are obvious. A recent upbeat article on a government website about the new 35 hotspots was bombarded with angry comments underneath.
One teacher complained that if he wants to go online for work-related research, one hour costs what he earns in two days. "I don't know of any teacher in the world without access to Internet ... it's an abuse," he wrote on the cubadebate.cu site. — Reuters
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